HUMAN RIGHTS AND US FOREIGN POLICY

Abstrakt

Human rights are fundamental elements of the post–World War II world order, and in contemporary international relations. They constitute the moral base of the West, which, through the system of international institutions, has been implemented all over the world. Treated as universal, they constitute a bridge between the West – and, above all, the United States – and the rest of the world, in a moment of changes in the global order. The aim of this paper is not to analyze these changes, but to show how human rights happen to be politicized and what the consequences may be. The position and foreign policy of the United States as the architect of the liberal order after World War II, and its care for human rights in an era of global changes at the beginning of the 21st century, seem to be of key importance for international policy on the fate of humanity.

https://doi.org/10.7862/rz.2023.hss.45
pdf (English)

Bibliografia

Acuto, M. (2009). Beyond Exceptionalists and Opportunists: A Proposition for an Unbiased Human Rights Diplomacy. “The Whitehead Journal of Diplomacy and International Relations”, 10(1).

Apodaca, C. (2006). Understanding U.S. Human Rights Policy: A Paradoxical Legacy. New York, Abingdon: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203957295.

—— (2019). Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy: Prevarications and Evasions. New York, Abingdon: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781351205832.

Bonnett, A. (2004). The Idea of the West. Culture, Politics and History. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. DOI: 10.1007/978-0-230-21233-6.

Borshoff, I. (2016). What is a Human Right Foreign Policy? Definitions, Double Standards, and the Carter Administration. “The Historian”, 78(4). DOI: 10.1111/hisn.12338.

Brands, H. (2016). Making the Unipolar Moment: U.S. Foreign Policy and the Rise of the

Post-Cold War Order. Ithaca, London: Cornell University Press. DOI: 10.7591/

Bull, H. (2012). The Anarchical Society. A Study of Order in World Politics. Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Burchill, S. (2005). Liberalism [In:] Burchill, S., Linklater, A., Devetak, R., Donnelly, J., Paterson, M., Reus-Smit, C. et al., Theories of International Relations (p. 55–83). Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Buzan, B. (1993). From International System to International Society: Structural Realism and Regime Theory Meet the English School. “International Organization”, 47(3). DOI: 10.1017/S0020818300027983.

—— (2004). From International to World Society? English School Theory and the Social Structure of Globalisation. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511616617.

Chhabra, T. (n.d.). Policy Brief: The China Challenge, Democracy, and U.S. Grand Strategy. Retrieved October 2, 2019. Access on the internet: https://www.brookings.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/FP_20190311_us_grand_strategy_chhabra.pdf.

Chomsky, N. (1999). The Umbrella of U.S. Power: The Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the Contradictions of U.S. Policy. New York: Seven Stories Press.

Clark, I. (2009). Democracy in International Society: Promotion or Exclusion? “Millennium: Journal of International Studies”, 37(3). DOI: 10.1177/0305829809103233.

Cullen, R. (1992/93). Human Rights Quandary. “Foreign Affairs”, 71(5).

Devlen, B., James, P., Özdamar, Ö. (2005). The English School, International Relations, and Progress. “International Studies Review”, 7.

Dietrich, J.W. (2006). U.S. Human Rights Policy in the Post-Cold War Era. “Political Science Quarterly”, 121(2). DOI: 10.2307/20202688.

Donelly, J., Liang-Fenton, D. (2004). Introduction [In:] Liang-Fenton, D., Implementing U.S. Human Rights Policy: Agendas, Policies, and Practices (p. 3–28). Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press.

Douzinas, C. (2007). Human Rights and Empire: The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism. Abingdon, New York: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203945117.

Doyle, M. (1997). Ways of War and Peace: Realism, Liberalism and Socialism. New York: W.W. Norton & Company.

Drezner, D.W. (2008). The Realist Tradition in American Public Opinion. „Perspectives on Politics”, 6(1). DOI: 10.1017/S1537592708080067.

Eckel, J. (2019). The Ambivalence of Good: Human Rights in International Politics Since the 1940s. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Felice, W.W. (1998). Militarism and Human Rights. „International Affairs”, 74(1).

Foreign Relations of the United States, 1977–1980, Vol. II, Human Rights and Humanitarian Affairs, Washington 1977, June 10. Retrieved October 1, 2020, from Memorandum Prepared by Representative Donald Fraser. Access on the internet: https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1977-80v02/d56.

Forsythe, D. (2006). Human Rights in International Relations. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press.

—— (2012). Human Rights in International Relations. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511808357.

Gajewski, T., Gruszko, K. (2018). Regress of the West and the Emerging New World Order. The Case of NATO. “Athenaeum. Polskie Studia Politologiczne”, 60. DOI: 10.15804/athena.2018.60.11.

Gruszko, K. (2018). Political Myth as a Tool of Disinformation. „Studia Humanistyczno-Społeczne”, (23).

—— (2020). Dyplomacja publiczna a propaganda w wymiarze międzynarodowym [In:] Sokołowski, M., Przekonać, pozyskać, skłonić. Rewizje. Teoretyczne i praktyczne aspekty propagandy. Toruń: Adam Marszałek.

Hunt, M.H. (2009). Ideology and the US Foreign Policy. New Haven, London: Yale University Press.

Huntington, S. (2013). The Clash of Civilizations? “Foreign Affairs Collection. The Clash at 20”.

Ignatieff, M. (2005). Introduction: American Exceptionalism and Human Rights [In:] Ignatieff, M., In American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (p. 1–26). Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press. DOI: 10.1515/9781400826889.1.

Ikenberry, J.G. (2011, May 1). The Future of the Liberal World Order. Retrieved August 19, 2019, from “Foreign Affairs”: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/2011-05-01/future-liberal-world-order.

Izadi, F. (2016). US Public Diplomacy: A Theoretical Treatise. “The Journal of Arts, Management, Law, and Society”, 46:1. DOI: 10.1080/10632921.2015.1137093.

Jackson, R. (2003). The Global Covenant: Human Conduct in a World of States. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Kagan, R. (2007). Dangerous Nation. New York: Vintage Books.

Kane, J. (2003). American Values or Human Rights? U.S. Foreign Policy and the Fractured Myth of Virtuous Power. “Presidential Studies Quarterly”, 33. DOI: 10.1046/j.0360-4918.2003.00084.x.

Keys, B.J. (2014). Reclaiming American Virtue. The Human Rights Revolution of the 1970s. Cambridge, London: Harvard University Press. DOI: 10.4159/9780674726031.

Khanna, P. (2008). Here Comes the Second World. “New Perspectives Quarterly”, 25(3). DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5842.2008.00994.x.

Kissinger, H. (2014). World Order: Reflections on the Character of Nations and the Course of History. New York: Penguin Group.

Koh, H.H. (2003). On American Exceptionalism. “Stanford Law Review”, 55.

Kurth, J. (2009). What are We Fighting For? Western Civilization, American Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy. Foreign Policy Research Institute. Center for the Study of America and the West, January.

Langlois, A.J. (2013). Normative and Theoretical Foundations of Human Rights [In:] Goodhart, M., Human Rights: Politics and Practice (p. 11–26). Oxford: Oxford University Press. DOI: 10.1093/hepl/9780198708766.003.0002.

Linklater, A. (2005). The English School in Theories of International Relations [In:] Burchill, A. L.-S. S., Theories of International Relations (p. 84–110). Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Mazurkiewicz, S. (2015). Human Rights and the Philosophy of International Law – Between Law of Nature and Legal Positivism? [In:] Jabłoński, M., Jurczyca, T., Gutierrez, P., Międzynarodowa ochrona praw człowieka – współczesne problemy na świecie (p. 13–22). Wrocław: Uniwersytet Wrocławski.

McDonald, M., Bellamy, A.J. (2004). Securing International Society: Towards an English School Discourse of Security. “Australian Journal of Political Science”, 39(2). DOI: 10.1080/1036114042000238537.

Meiser, J.W. (2017). Liberalism [In:] McGlinchey, S., Walters, R., Scheinpflug, C., International Relations Theory (p. 22–27). Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing.

Mertus, J.A. (2008). Bait and Switch Human Rights and U.S. Foreign Policy. New York, London: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203932247.

Moravscik, A. (2005). The Paradox of U.S. Human Rights Policy [In:] Ignatieff, M., American Exceptionalism and Human Rights (p. 147–197). Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctt7skx6.

Müllerson, R. (1997). Human Rights Diplomacy. London: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/

Noonan, J. (2009). The Principle of Liberal Imperialism: Human Rights and Human Freedom in the Age of Evangelical Capitalism. “Socialist Studies/Études Socialistes”, 2(10). DOI: 10.18740/S4R88G.

O'Flaherty, M., Kędzia, Z., Müller, A., Ulrich, G. (2011). Introduction. Human Rights Diplomacy – Contemporary Perspective [In:] O'Flaherty, M., Kędzia, Z., Müller, A., Ulrich, G., Human Rights Diplomacy: Contemporary Perspectives (p. 1–18). Leiden. Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. DOI: 10.1163/ej.9789004195165.i-301.

Parag, K. (2008). Here Comes the Second World. “New Perspectives Quarterly”, 25:3.

Paterson, P. (2018). Origins of US Foreign Policy. Retrieved January 12, 2020, from William J. Perry Center for Hemispheric Defense Studies: https://www.williamjperrycenter.org/sites/default/files/publication_associated_files/Origins%20of%20US%20Foreign%20Policy.pdf.

Pee, R. (2016). Democracy Promotion, National Security and Strategy: Foreign Policy under the Reagan Administration. New York, Abingdon: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9781315738079.

Renouard, J. (2016). Human Rights in American Foreign Policy: From the 1960s to the Soviet Collapse. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Restad, H.E. (2015). American Exceptionalism. An Idea that Made a Nation and Remade the World. London, New York: Routledge. DOI: 10.4324/9780203485439.

Roberts, K.L. (2003). The United States and the World: Changing Approaches to Human Rights Diplomacy under the Bush Administration. “Berkeley Journal of International Law”, 21.

Schlesinger, A. (1978). Human Rights and the American Tradition. „Foreign Affairs”, 57(3). DOI: 10.2307/20040184.

Schulz, W.F. (2008). Introduction [In:] Schulz, W.F., The Future of Human Rights: U.S. Policy for a New Era (p. 1–22). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

The Deputy Secretary of State. Presidential Review Memorandum on Human Rights. Washington 1977, July 8 [Access: 12.07.2019]. Access on the internet: https://www.jimmycarterlibrary.gov/assets/documents/memorandums/prm28.pdf.

Tocqueville, A.D. (2012). Democracy in America. Indianapolis: Liberty Fund.

United Nations (2005, October 24). Retrieved February 10, 2020, from Resolution adopted by the General Assembly on 16 September 2005 60/1. 2005 World Summit Outcome: https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/migration/generalassembly/docs/globalcompact/A_RES_60_1.pdf.

United Nations Treaty Collection. (n.d.). Retrieved September 30, 2019. Access on the internet: https://treaties.un.org/.

Vincent, R.J. (1986). Human Rights and International Relations. Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press. DOI: 10.1017/CBO9780511598814.

Zakaria, F. (2008). The Post-American World. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company. DOI: 10.1111/j.1540-5842.2008.00993.x.