Abstrakt
The aim of the article is to investigate the issue of sports diplomacy directed at political rapprochement between states in conflict, by the example of relations between North and South Korea. The research is an empirical case study and its objective is either to propose generalizations on the issue of sports diplomacy, and to find characteristics concerning the inter-Korean sports diplomacy. An attempt to test a hypothesis stating that sport can be regarded as a field that allows representatives of hostile countries to engage in a dialogue even if it would not be possible in other fields will be made.
The research has proved the mentioned hypothesis to be plausible. It has been observed, that inter-Korean positive sports diplomacy has been conducted with the use of a number of methods, such as sports exchanges, negotiations concerning sports cooperation including joint participation in sports events and the use of sports events as a circumstance for arranging political talks, what appears to be distinctive for the case. Fluctuations of the intensity of sports cooperation depending on current political relations have also been observed, but on the other hand on some occasions sport allowed the two parties to foster political rapprochement. The effectiveness of sports diplomacy between North and South Korea was therefore evaluated as limited, but identifiable.
Bibliografia
Brides B., London Revisited: South Korea at the Olympics of 1948 and 2012, The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol. 30, No. 15, 2013.
Bridges B., Reluctant Mediator: Hong Kong, the Two Koreas and the Tokyo Olympics, The International Journal of the History of Sport, Vol. 24, No. 3, March 2007.
Cha V.D., Beyond the Final Score. The Politics of Sport in Asia, Columbia University Press, New York 2009.
Cha V., The Asian Games and Diplomacy in Asia: Korea – China – Russia, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30:10, 2013.
Choi C., Shin M., Kim C.-G., Globalization, Regionalism and Reconciliation in South Korea's Asian Games, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 32:10, 2015.
Goldberg J., Sporting diplomacy: Boosting the size of the diplomatic corps, The Washington Quarterly, 23:4, 2000.
Guttmann A., The Olympics. A History of Modern Games, University of Illinois Press, Urbana 2002.
Harvey R., Seoul Opens Its Heart and Its Heavens, Too, as Asian Games Begin, Los Angeles Times, 21.09.1986, http://articles.latimes.com/1986-09-21/sports/sp-8947_1_north-koreans (access: 14.07.2016 r.).
Koh E., South Korea and the Asian Games: The First Step to the World, Sport in Society, 8:3, 2005, pp. 468-478.
Lee J.W., Do the scale and scope of the event matter? The Asian Games and the relations between North and South Korea, Sport in Society, 2015.
Mangan J.A., Kim H.-D., Cruz A., Kang G.-H., Rivalries: China, Japan and South Korea – Memory, Modernity, Politics, Geopolitics – and Sport, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 30:10, 2013.
Mangan J.A., Ok G., Park K., From the destruction of image to the reconstruction of image: a sports mega-event and the resurgence of a nation – the politics of sport exemplified, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 28:16, 2011.
Mateša Z., Wydarzenia sportowe jako kluczowy element przełamywania barier [in:] Sport i Dyplomacja, Polski Komitet Olimpijski, Warszawa 2015.
Merkel U., Bigger than Beijing 2008. Politics, Propaganda, and Physical Culture in Pyongyang [in:] J.A. Mangam, F. Hong, Post-Beijing 2008. Geopolitics, Sport and the Pacific Rim, Routledge, London 2011.
Merkel U., North Korean Media Accounts of the Olympic and Asian Games: The Fatherland's Friends and Foes, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 29:16, 2012.
Merkel U., Ok G., Identity Discourses in North Korean Events, Festivals and Celebrations [in:] U. Merkel, Identity Discourses and Communities in International Events, Festivals and Spectacles, AIAA, Basingstoke 2015.
Merkel U., Sport, Politics and Reunification – A Comparative Analysis of Korea and Germany, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 26:3, 2009.
Merkel U., The Politics of Sport and Identity in North Korea [in:] F. Hong, L. Zhouxiang, Sport and Nationalism in Asia. Power, Politics and Identity, Routledge, London 2015.
Merkel U., The Politics of Sport and Identity in North Korea, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 31:3, 2014.
Miller D., Historia Igrzysk Olimpijskich i MKOl. Od Aten do Pekinu 1894–2008, Poznań 2008.
Palenski R., Seoul 1988 [in:] J.E. Findling, K.D. Pelle, Encyclopedia of the Modern Olympic Movement, Greenwood Press, Westport 2004.
Pan H., Asian Sport: Its Athletic Progress and Social Integration, The International Journal of the History of Sport, 29:4, 2012.
Sanford D.C., South Korea and the Socialist Countries. The Politics of Trade, MacMillan Press, Basingstoke 1990.
Seoul 1988, https://www.olympic.org/seoul-1988 (access: 14.07.2016 r.).
Van Tassell D.H., Terry D.A., An overlooked path to peace and stability: sport, the state and the case of the Koreas, Sport in Society, 15:6, 2012.
Yin L., A Review of the Strategic Situation on the Korean Peninsula [in:] Institute for Strategic Studies, National Defense University of People's Liberation Army, International Strategic Relations and China's National Security, Vol. 1, World Scientific, Singapore 2015.
Yu K.-G., Park S.-Y., Selection and concentration strategy in the sports exchange between North and South Korea, Journal of Asian Public Policy, 8:2, 2015.